中国苜蓿育成品种遗传多样性及亲缘关系研究

以苜蓿的种子贮藏蛋白的多态性为研究指标,对中国14个审定登记的苜蓿育成品种的遗传多样性及亲缘关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:蛋白单体的分子量介于21.2～85.1kD之间,蛋白单体电泳图谱多态性品种间无显著的特异性;在参试的14个育成品种中,品种内基因多样性平均值(HS)为0.3136,总基因多样度(HT)为0.3741,基因分化系数(GST)为0.162;以λ=3.700为标准划分,14个育成品种划分为六个组群,各组群划分结果主要与参试品种的亲本来源有关,而与其种植地、育种地关系不大。     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州5个地方鸡品种遗传多样性

通过选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了贵州省5个地方鸡品种:竹乡鸡、威宁鸡、黔东南小香鸡、高脚鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡的遗传多样性。计算了各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的DA遗传距离。结果表明:在5个品种中,杂合度最低的是高脚鸡,为0.501,杂合度最高的是竹乡鸡,为0.673,因此贵州各地方鸡品种的杂合度相差较大,据分析可能是由于交通闭塞,形成了家禽品种的多种多型,而且杂合度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性;用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果6个鸡品种被聚为3类:竹乡鸡、黔东南小香鸡和威宁鸡聚为一类,乌蒙乌骨鸡自聚为一类;高脚鸡独自聚为一类。这与几个鸡品种的来源、分化、选育历史及地理分布是一致的。     

家兔群体遗传变异的微卫星标记

选用欧洲野兔的 5个微卫星位点 ,分析了 5个品种 (系 )家兔群体的遗传变异。结果表明 :Vc- 系獭兔的群体内平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度最大 ,分别为 0 .5 5 2 6和 0 .6 2 0 2 ;新西兰兔群体内平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度最小 ,分别为 0 .4 5 15和 0 .5 2 6 1。由此说明 ,5个品种 (系 )家兔中 ,新西兰兔群体内变异较小 ,相对较纯 ;Vc- 系獭兔群体内变异较大 ,纯度相对较小。但总的来看 ,5个品种 (系 )家兔的平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度相差都不大 ,说明Vc獭兔在遗传性能上已接近其他优良品种兔。聚类结果表明 :Vc- 系獭兔与 Vc- 系獭兔亲缘关系最近 ,与日本大耳白兔、青紫蓝兔亲缘关系较近 ,与新西兰兔亲缘关系最远 ,这与 Vc獭兔育种历史事实相符。另外 ,在 Sat4和 Sat8位点上分别检测出了 1条 Vc獭兔所特有的条带 ,从而为进一步研究 Vc獭兔的遗传特性打下良好的基础     

三江白猪线粒体DNA-RFLP的分析

采用22种限制性内切酶分析了三江白猪线粒体DNA的多态性。结果表明：在60头个体中检出30种限制性态型．归结为7种基因单倍型；其间的差异来自少数限制性位点的突变。单倍型间平均遗传距离为0．35%，群体遗传多态程度为0．044％。三江白猪遗传多样性非常贫乏，说明三江白猪与地方种猪起源于一个共同祖先，在品种形成早期受到创立者效应的制约。     

Including an additional systematic environmental effect within a generation in an evaluation model improves accuracy of prediction of breeding values in a closed herd of pigs

The present study evaluated the advantage of mixed‐model techniques over a selection index under different magnitudes of an additional systematic environmental effect (ASEE) in terms of accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain. The data attempted to simulate a closed herd in a pig breeding program. The base population (G₀) consisted of 10 males and 50 females. Six generations (G₀ to G₅) were selected by using a selection index of three traits without overlapping. Additional systematic environmental constants with four levels in a generation were assigned from a uniform distribution at different ranges. Breeding values of animals in the last generation (G₅) were estimated on the basis of an index of individual phenotype (SI‐U), SI‐U adjusted for ASEE using a least‐squares mean (SI‐A), best linear unbiased prediction using an animal model excluding ASEE (AM‐E), and an animal model including ASEE (AM‐I). Accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain were larger by the animal model than by the selection index, even if heritability of the traits selected was high and ASEE was set to zero. When ASEE was zero, the accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain given by SI‐U and AM‐I were similar to those given by SI‐A and AM‐E, respectively. However, the differences in accuracy and expected gain between SI‐U and AI‐A and between AM‐I and AM‐E increased as the range of ASEE increased. It was concluded that selection based on an animal model was more effective than index selection, even if the herd environment was uniform and traits with high heritability were selected, and that it should be always included in an evaluation model, however slight any systematic environmental effect may be in a closed herd.     

Improving management for higher reproduction accelerates genetic improvement in closed herd of swine

The present study compared responses to selection at different conception rates and litter sizes at weaning in a simulated closed herd in a swine breeding program. The base population consisted of 10 males and 50 females, and 10 generations of selection was practiced by using individual phenotype or best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values for a trait with heritability (h²) of either 0.2 or 0.5. The probability of conception in a single mating was assumed to be 0.8, 0.9 or 1.0. Litter size at weaning was sampled randomly from a normal distribution with mean 8, 10 or 12 and variance 8.1225. Genetic response increased by approximately 6% for h² = 0.2 and approximately 5% for h² = 0.5 at generation 10 when conception rate was increased from 0.8 to 1.0. However, litter size at weaning did not affect response to selection. In conclusion, improving conception rate by environmental management increases genetic response indirectly in a breeding program of a closed swine herd.     

宁夏毛乌素沙地退化草原恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化

对宁夏毛乌素沙地退化草原种植不同林龄柠条Caragana korshinskii后物种的多样性、群落结构及草地生产力进行了研究,结果表明:种植柠条林对退化草地的植被恢复有积极的作用,植物群落的多样性随柠条林龄的增加而增加,而且随林龄年份的增加,群落结构更趋于稳定.草地生产力由于土壤储水量相对较高,表现为随林龄的增加,草产量受季节降水量变化的影响较小,相对稳定的趋势.     

粗山羊草抗条锈 (CYR32) 性状的遗传分析

12份粗山羊草材料成株期对中国条锈病新小种CYR32为免疫-高抗,1份为高感.为探讨抗病性遗传规律,组配成抗×感、抗×抗杂交组合.通过对抗×感以及杂交组合的F1、F2群体对CYR32条锈菌抗性表型的分析,结果显示,所有抗源亲本对条锈病抗性呈完全显性遗传, F2群体抗感分离比例为3∶1,条锈病的抗性受1对显性基因控制.抗×抗杂交组合F2均呈抗病性,推测12个抗病粗山羊草材料的抗病基因可能为同一对显性基因.     

几种牧草对河西走廊盐渍化土壤改土培肥的效应研究

在河西走廊盐渍化土地上种植老芒麦、扁穗冰草、碱茅和紫花苜蓿4种优质牧草,对盐渍化程度均有一定的改良效果.其中碱茅对盐渍化土壤的改土培肥效果最好,建植3年后的碱茅,与对照比较,0～20 cm土层中自然含水量增加125.99 g/kg,总孔度增加16.14%,容重降低0.27 g/cm3,pH值由8.43降到8.10,全盐含量降低52.90 g/kg,脱盐率达到76.12%,有机质增加3.67 g/kg,碱解氮含量增加18.63 mg/kg,速效磷和钾亦随之增加.